What components are included in a railway traction system, and how do they work together?

A railway traction system includes power supply infrastructure (overhead lines or third rails), traction transformers, power converters (rectifiers/inverters), traction motors, control systems, and auxiliary equipment. The transformer steps down high-voltage power to suitable levels. Power converters adjust voltage and frequency for the traction motors, which drive the train’s wheels. Control systems manage power distribution, motor operation, and braking. Auxiliary equipment supports onboard services. Together, these components enable efficient propulsion and safe operation of electric trains.