How does a railway traction transformer function in modern trains?

In modern trains, a railway traction transformer receives high-voltage AC power from the overhead lines or third rail. It steps down this voltage to a lower level appropriate for the train’s traction converters and motors. The transformer works in conjunction with power electronics, such as rectifiers and inverters, to convert AC to direct current (DC) or variable-frequency AC as needed. This allows precise control of the traction motors for acceleration, deceleration, and speed regulation. The transformer also supplies power to onboard systems, ensuring efficient energy use and contributing to the train’s overall performance.