What is the role of a transformer in a traction system, and what determines its efficiency?

In a traction system, the transformer steps down high input voltages to levels suitable for train propulsion while isolating the circuits for safety. It enables efficient power transfer from the supply network to the traction motors. The transformer’s efficiency is determined by factors like core material quality, winding resistance, insulation effectiveness, and cooling system performance. Minimizing losses due to hysteresis, eddy currents, and resistive heating enhances efficiency. Design optimization and high-quality materials contribute to reducing energy losses, improving overall system performance.