What types of emulsifier chemicals are used in bitumen emulsions?

Emulsifiers are key in stabilizing bitumen droplets in water. Types include anionic emulsifiers (fatty acids, soaps), cationic emulsifiers (amines, quaternary ammonium), nonionic emulsifiers (ethoxylated alcohols), and polymeric emulsifiers (enhanced stability). The choice depends on aggregate compatibility and desired breaking characteristics.