? = Output (kW) / Input (kW). Load and no-load losses derived from SC/OC tests.

Ensures transient overvoltage control, enables single-line-to-ground fault detection, and reduces insulation stress.

Transformers enable voltage adaptation for efficient transmission and safe distribution. They provide isolation, allow protection coordination, support reactive power flow, and permit integration of generation, transmission, and distribution segments into a unified grid.

S=VI for single-phase and S=?3VI for three-phase; ratings include thermal and impedance considerations.

Manufacturers must comply with international and regional standards such as IEC 60076 or IEEE/ANSI C57 series for design, testing, insulation coordination, and performance. They may need ISO 9001 for quality management, ISO 14001 for environmental management, and ISO 45001 for occupational health and safety. For specific markets, utilities require type-test reports, routine-test certificates, and sometimes third-party certifications or grid code compliance. Seismic, fire, and EMC standards may also apply depending on installation conditions and regulatory frameworks.

GSUs raise generator output to transmission voltages to reduce line losses; power transformers in substations later step voltage down for distribution.

Assembly involves core stacking, clamping, coil winding, insulation layering, core-coil assembly, brazing or soldering connections, lead routing, OLTC integration, bushing installation, tank assembly, vacuum oil filling, leak testing, and factory routine tests per IEC/IEEE.

The CMM-6/7 is a transformer oil purification plant with approximately 6-7 m³/h capacity. It removes water, gases, and impurities under vacuum. We will prepare a quotation and suggest equivalent models with the same performance and quality.

The TOR-1 is designed for measuring dissolved water in transformer and insulating oils. It is not calibrated for use with honey or food products. We can provide a quotation for the standard oil moisture measurement configuration.

The TOR-1 moisture meter measures water content in transformer oil in ppm. It provides results within 10 minutes per sample. We will send a quotation including lead time and specifications.