Which catalysts or pretreatment steps are most effective for handling the free fatty acids often found in mutton fat?

If FFA content exceeds 2–3%, a two-step process is used: 1) Acid esterification using sulfuric acid to convert FFAs into esters, then 2) Base-catalyzed transesterification using NaOH or KOH. This prevents soap formation, improving biodiesel yield. The GlobeCore USB system supports both processes with automated dosing and temperature control, ensuring maximum conversion from high-FFA feedstocks like mutton fat. For lower FFA levels, only base catalysis is needed, making the process simpler and more cost-effective.