How can leftover seed cake or meal be managed or utilized after extracting Jatropha oil?

Jatropha seed cake, a byproduct of oil extraction, is toxic due to phorbol esters, making it unsuitable for animal feed without detoxification. However, it can be used as a biofertilizer, biogas substrate, or solid biofuel in pellet or briquette form. Advanced processing can detoxify the cake for further industrial applications. Repurposing seed meal adds value and reduces waste in biodiesel production. Pairing oil extraction with these uses creates a zero-waste model and improves the sustainability and profitability of Jatropha biodiesel projects.