What cooling methods are used in traction transformers?

Сooling methods include natural oil cooling (ON), forced oil cooling (OF), and forced air cooling (AF). In natural oil cooling, heat is dissipated through convection as oil circulates within the transformer. Forced oil cooling uses pumps to enhance oil circulation, improving heat transfer. Forced air cooling employs fans to blow air over radiators or cooling fins. Some transformers use a combination of oil and air cooling. Advanced methods may involve water cooling or heat exchangers for high-power applications, ensuring effective thermal management.