How is the traction power supply system organized on railways?

The traction power supply system includes power generation facilities, high-voltage transmission lines, substations with transformers, and the distribution network (overhead lines or third rails). Substations convert grid electricity to the required voltage levels. The system incorporates protective devices, control equipment, and monitoring systems to manage power flow and ensure safety. It must accommodate fluctuating demands from trains starting, accelerating, or braking, maintaining consistent power quality and reliability across the network.