Heat dissipation is governed by winding and core losses and the ability of the cooling system to remove that heat. Radiators, fins, oil pumps, and fans increase surface area and convection. Internal oil channels, ducts, and winding spacers guide coolant through hotspots. Tank design, ambient conditions, and enclosure type all affect heat transfer. Insulation materials must tolerate operating temperatures, so thermal design balances loss generation with efficient heat removal to keep hot-spot temperatures within insulation class limits.