Large power transformers face challenges such as high short-circuit forces, transport and installation constraints, noise limits in urban settings, and stringent efficiency requirements. Designers must manage thermal gradients, reduce hotspots, and ensure long-term insulation integrity under variable loading and ambient conditions. Environmental and safety demands include oil containment, fire behavior, seismic resilience, and SF? or alternative insulation integration in some designs. Coordinating protection, monitoring, and communication interfaces with modern digital substations adds further complexity to the design process.