It shows physical placement on the pole, primary connections, protective fuse cutouts, lightning arresters, secondary conductors, neutral, and grounding. The diagram clarifies how overhead distribution voltage is stepped down for customers.

In Italy, power transformers support national and regional grid operators, heavy industry in the north, petrochemical sites, ports, railways, metro systems, and large commercial and service sectors. Renewables (hydro, solar, wind), data centers, and advanced manufacturing also depend on MV/HV transformers. Typical uses include substation step-down, industrial MV distribution, and integration of distributed generation into the broader European interconnected grid.

The key scientific difference of AVS is not in using a “new chemistry”, but in how physical energy is coupled into the reaction medium. Classical reactors rely on turbulent mixing and diffusion to bring reagents together. In a vortex layer device, you create a field of intense local electromagnetic forces and high-velocity micro-collisions between ferromagnetic elements, which generates extreme shear, micro-cavitation, and very fast mass transfer on a microscopic scale. This means redox reactions, precipitation, and surface activation occur orders of magnitude faster than in stirred tanks, allowing the same chemistry to proceed in seconds instead of minutes, with lower reagent consumption and better control of particle size and reaction completeness.

Yes – there are established methods to assess the condition of cellulose insulation, even though it cannot be measured directly online. The most widely used approach is furan analysis of transformer oil. Furan compounds are byproducts of paper aging, and their concentration correlates with the degree of polymerization (DP), which indicates remaining paper strength. This test is usually done in a laboratory or with portable furan analyzers during oil sampling.

Cost varies due to copper and core material pricing, insulation systems, cooling class, BIL rating, accessories (OLTC, monitors), testing scope, and OEM brand reputation. Lead time and certification also affect pricing.

Test

The CLM-0.25 laboratory mill handles 25-100 L/h and is used for R&D and small-scale emulsion testing.