What is a railway traction network, and how does it function?

A railway traction network is an electrical system that supplies power to electric trains. It comprises power generation sources, substations, transformers, overhead lines, or third rails, and control systems. The network converts high-voltage electricity from the grid to appropriate levels for train operation. It distributes power along the tracks, allowing trains to draw energy as needed. The system must handle variable loads, ensure safety, and maintain voltage stability, often incorporating real-time monitoring and control mechanisms.